Pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry a systematic review. , 2019 Given the potential for PGx testing in improving treatment outcomes, additional PGx studies for psychotropic treatment in ASD/ID across age groups are warranted. 17 Subsequently, the investigators compared the cost Apr 6, 2018 · In a recent systematic review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies of PGx testing on the clinical outcome of MDD, the authors concluded that clear-cut demonstration of improved health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomics were not yet supported with replicated evidence; however, they recognized that some studies have Jun 19, 2019 · A systematic review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies. A systematic review of 20 studies, including genetic screening tests for cytochrome P450 enzymes, found that most economic analyses reported genetic testing to be cost effective . 8. Genetic and related laboratory tests in psychiatry: what mental health practitioners need to know. The findings of this systematic review and meta‐analysis, address Aug 24, 2020 · A recent systematic review concluded that informed consent practices for PGx testing vary widely, and as a result, there is a need for a standardized set of principles of information that should be part of the consent process. However, it is important that the implementation of these tests is based on replicable scientific evidence and that we fully understand the and Scopus. Mutations in these pathways affect an individual’s response to medication. AIM To conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined pharmacogenetic-guided decision Dec 4, 2020 · The field of pharmacogenomics (PGx) is developing rapidly. in 2018, which included a total of 13 clinical studies involving 3144 patients, DOAC peak concentrations in wild homozygous carriers for rs1045642 and rs2032582 of ABCB1 were lower than those of homozygous mutant carriers; the DOAC peak was also lower in wild homozygous carriers for Mar 7, 2024 · Although the role of pharmacogenetic testing had some significance in our study for certain SNPs, the availability of testing in psychiatric clinics remains limited. Pharmacogenomics and computational psychiatry are two fundamental tools of precision psychiatry, which have Mar 14, 2022 · DJM was a co-inventor on two patents assessing risk for antipsychotic-induced weight gain at the time of this study and was also a co-investigator on two pharmacogenetic studies where genetic test Dec 17, 2014 · Several studies have examined the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry, demonstrating positive findings (Table 1). The authors started by reviewing the same three Genesight trials we had reviewed in 2015, and like us Oct 20, 2023 · There is a systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2022 focused on examining prospective controlled clinical trials with PGx tests to assess the remission of depressive symptoms. Pharmacogenetic randomized trial for cocaine abuse: disulfiram and dopamine beta-hydroxylase. Nov 2, 2022 · A recent structured scoping review of pharmacogenetic testing programs using the CFIR found that IT solutions are currently unable to support pharmacogenomic-guided prescribing at the interface between primary and secondary care. J Clin Psychiatry (Epub ahead of print, Jan 3, 2017) Google Scholar. Pharmacogenomic Studies in Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review value of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatric pharmacy practice as it pertains to adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Jun 28, 2017 · Article Abstract Objective: Pharmacogenomic testing has become scalable and available to the general public. Nov 9, 2023 · Furthermore, although the genes considered for pharmacogenetic testing were different in the various studies, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 were always included in the analyses . Methods:. Several previous systematic review and meta-analyses had been conducted based on this issue [12, 17, 18]. The role of pharmacists as key professionals in implementation of pharmacogenetic tests has been proposed and explored in several overseas studies (16–19). Oct 1, 2020 · Pharmacogenetics has been successfully implemented to improve drug therapy in several clinical areas, but not psychiatry. Abstract Introduction Pharmacogenetics (PGx) is a well-researched tool to improve pharmacotherapy. Nov 1, 2018 · A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 was performed to identify articles that reported pharmacogenetic testing in adult patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia using the keywords pharmacy, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, psychiatry, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic. , 2019 Pharmacogenetics is an area of genetic testing that assesses the genes responsible for the way a body handles and responds to medications. 24. However, since the number of studies involved was limited, no sufficient data was provided to reach a reliable conclusion. Pharmacogenomics and gene terms were also searched in the Tufts CEA registry. Sep 1, 2020 · Abstract. A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 and Scopus. Mar 22, 2022 · Furthermore, a systematic review conducted by Wong et al. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review of economic evaluations of pharmacogenetic tests aimed to reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Antidepressant pharmacogenetics. Biol Psychiatry. 2 Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are often used interchangeably, although pharmacogenetics relates to the variation in drug Oct 11, 2022 · The gap between the availability of PGx testing and its clinical use is beginning to narrow but uncertainty about its efficacy for improving antidepressant treatment and depressive symptom remission continues to be a considerable constraint on widespread adoption in psychiatry. PGx implementation in practice involves several stakeholders. The results of this work suggest a modest but significantly favorable effect of PGx-guided antidepressant therapy on depressive symptom remission ( Brown et Jan 11, 2021 · In the systematic review and meta-analysis of Xie et al. 19. Dec 1, 2021 · The rational implementation of pharmacogenetic tests in practice has shown promising potential as a decision-making tool for optimizing psychopharmacological treatment regimens and reducing treatment costs. Steps for the design of clinical pharmacogenomics (PGx) in the hospital setting. From a total of 1159 studies initially identified by literature database querying, and after manual assessment and Jan 1, 2022 · The current systematic review summarizes the pharmacogenomics findings to date of ketamine. However, to fully realize this potential, it is important to identify knowledge gaps that could attenuate current progress. Preskorn SH. In 2023 Wang et al. Conclusion: Consensus has yet to be reached on which CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 star alleles to include on pharmacogenetic testing panels and pharmacogenetic results reporting could be considerably improved Jan 1, 2009 · All pharmacogenetic tests currently on the market, or soon to be marketed in psychiatry, for which some information has been published in peer-reviewed journal articles (or abstracts), were selected. 18. Two Nov 1, 2018 · A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 was performed to identify articles that reported pharmacogenetic testing in adult patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia using the keywords pharmacy, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, psychiatry, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mood stabilizer, and antipsychotic. Jan 27, 2023 · A systematic review of economic evaluations of pharmacogenetic testing for prevention of adverse drug reactions. The first PGx dose recommendations for antidepressant and psychiatric drugs were published in 2001, even before the first human genome was sequenced . 5 Singh AB, Bousman CA, Ng C, et al. Pharmacogenomics has shown promise for predicting antidepressant response and tolerability in the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). : Antidepressant pharmacogenetics. Pharmacoeconomics 34 , 771–793 (2016). et al. The purpose of this report is to examine the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenomic testing versus treatment as usual for treating all severities of diagnosed depression. The objective of this study is to report published outcomes of pharmacogenetic testing in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Briefly, after test authorization or requirements for testing by drug regulators, the hospital leadership supports the process and communicates with payers, while the pharmacy and therapeutics committee leads the process in collaboration Jul 1, 2019 · Abstract. See Box 1 for details. Objective The aim of this study was to systematically assess commercial pharmacogenetic tests relevant to prescribing in psychiatry, with specific attention on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 star allele Sep 23, 2022 · Zhu et al. The current systematic review Jun 16, 2022 · A systematic review of pharmacogenetic testing to guide antipsychotic treatment A systematic review. Jun 17, 2021 · In a review article on the need for preemptive panel-based pharmacogenetic testing, Weitzel et al. 2017;174:417-418. [PMC free article] [Google Scholar] Kreek MJ, Bart G, Lilly C, LaForge KS, Nielsen DA. The implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx) is based on analytical validity (the testing reflects accurate genotype), clinical validity A more recent review examined 89 studies purporting to address either the clinical validity or clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing for statin use and found almost all claims of clinical utility to be lacking when examined against benchmarks such as number needed to genotype, the effect and risks of the intervention, and costs per May 1, 2022 · PGTs have found different applications, particularly in oncology and neurology; in psychiatry, the prescribing attitude and the information knowledge of clinicians, the pharmacogenetic analysis, and the test costs can represent limitations in the spread out of PGT (Ielmini et al. published a systematic review evaluating 10 RCTs and 3 open-label trials that analyzed the effectiveness of pharmacogenetic tests in guiding the choice of antidepressant medication: on the basis of these RCTs, a meta-analysis was then conducted with the aim of establishing whether the use of pharmacogenetics is Nov 9, 2021 · Multiple studies have shown that pharmacogenomics testing can be cost-effective in the context of psychiatry in the United States [22,23,24,25] and that improving outcomes through testing Aug 1, 2022 · 1. 79 Likewise, the association between pharmacokinetic gene Feb 11, 2014 · We sought to identify pharmacogenetic interactions that were based on a single drug and single genetic variant and wanted to avoid drug–drug–SNP interactions. We aim to evaluates the effect of pharmacogenomic testing guiding on clinical outcomes of major depressive disorder. However, its implementation in the clinical practice of psychiatry/neurology still has barriers, mainly due to a lack of evidence. Singh AB, Bousman CA. Jan 1, 2019 · Patients receiving pharmacogenetic-guided DST therapy were three times more likely to achieve symptom remission relative to individuals who received treatment as usual, suggesting DSTs might improve symptom remission among those with MDD. Recognizing the current lack of consensus within the field Nov 9, 2020 · Here, we evaluate the utility of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing in psychiatry by investigating the association between the phenotype status of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19/2D6 enzymes and the one Jan 31, 2020 · However, the clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of these pharmacogenomics testing tools remain uncertain and has been the topic of much debate. Pharmacogenetics and human molecular genetics of opiate and cocaine addictions and their treatments. Psychiatry constitutes a field where A systematic review was conducted using multiple biomedical literature databases from incepti … The objective of this study was to evaluate the evidence on cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic (PGx)-guided treatment for drugs with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. In theory, pharmacogenomics can improve clinical outcomes by guiding antidepressant selection and dosing. Feb 11, 2020 · Depressed patients, especially treatment-naïve, seem to benefit from PGx testing prior to treatment, and more systematic prospective studies are needed to assess the effect ofPGx testing on the treatment of major depressive disorder. performed a systematic review on cost‐effectiveness of PGx‐guided treatment for cardiovascular disease and identified that two‐thirds of studies were cost‐effective, but only 2 of the 46 articles evaluated panel testing and only one examined preemptive testing. However, it was noted that the majority of studies were not randomized or blinded, indeed only two small single-center RCT [18, 19] have been conducted with a proper randomized double-blinded design. Primary outcomes of interest were prevention of suicide, remission of depression symptoms, response to depression Nov 1, 2018 · AbstractIntroduction:. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence individuals’ responses to pharmacological treatments. An increase in available evidence and the ambition to implement PGx in clinical practice has led to the need for more comprehensive Several pharmacogenetic tests are now available, however only a limited number of tests are relevant to psychiatry. Aug 1, 2019 · 1. From service development and identifying when PGx is indicated, to patient counselling and the interpretation of PGx results, pharmacists are ideally placed […] Nov 10, 2023 · Also in 2022, Brown et al. Pharmacogenetic testing can help predict variability in drug 6 days ago · The authors conducted a systematic review to examine whether pharmacogenetic testing affects clinical or economic outcomes in patients taking antipsychotic medication. Jul 1, 2019 · A recent narrative review of pharmacogenetic testing in child and young adult psychiatry concluded that testing has potential to improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs (Wehry et al. reveals that only a few biomarkers employed in pharmacogenomics testing demonstrated clinical utility and validity, suggesting the urgency Oct 27, 2022 · Based on the phenoconversion results and implications, pharmacogenetic testing should be conducted jointly with a complete review of the patient’s medication and medical history, previous or Of the 20 pharmacogenetic reports that we evaluated, none fulfilled all the recommendations and no recommendation was fulfilled by all tests. Study selection Primary literature assessing any component of cost within a PGx study Oct 7, 2019 · Practice-based resources such as this stepwise approach to clinical decision-making are important resources to equip primary care providers to use pharmacogenetic testing. Among other factors, treatment response can be affected by genetic polymorphisms – which is the focus of pharmacogenetics – and ethnicity is also a contributing factor in this context. May 24, 2016 · We believe this work is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of candidate gene association studies, pharmacogenetic and biochemical (metabolomics) studies performed in adults with ADHD to Nov 1, 2018 · Methods: A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 was performed to identify articles that reported pharmacogenetic testing in adult patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia using the keywords pharmacy, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, psychiatry, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mood stabilizer, and May 11, 2021 · Abstract. The current systematic review examines the extant literature to determine the impact of pharmacogenomic testing on clinical outcomes in MDD and assesses its cost-effectiveness. We included 16 published systematic May 1, 2017 · A systematic review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies. , 2018a, 2018b; Pagani et al. This practice may positively impact financial and personal costs due to adverse drug events and save time Aug 1, 2021 · systematic review provides an update regarding previously published studies, which assessed the cost-effectiveness of PGx testing for the prescription of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Curr Psychiatry. This May 1, 2022 · PGTs have found different applications, particularly in oncology and neurology; in psychiatry, the prescribing attitude and the information knowledge of clinicians, the pharmacogenetic analysis, and the test costs can represent limitations in the spread out of PGT (Ielmini et al. 1 One concept within personalized medicine is pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing, which can guide clinicians in the choice of drug and dose for a specific patient. May 11, 2021 · Pharmacogenetic testing is available to healthcare professionals to guide drug selection and prevent adverse events. The first step is to evaluate the available PGx evidence, review the most relevant drugs, and narrow down to the most actionable drug-gene pairs, then is to choose variant alleles based on population specific minor allele frequencies and data curated and evaluated by experts and drug regulatory authorities. Keywords: : clinic, implementation, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, precision medicine, primary care. This systematic review was exempt from Institutional Review Board review and was not registered. 2017;78(6):720-729. In this retrospective study, we reviewed charts from 592 patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder at the Loyola University Medical Center Mar 15, 2024 · A systematic review of the current evidence on the impact of PGx testing on hospital admissions and medication changes compared to that of participants who received treatment as usual (TAU May 12, 2023 · Background: Pharmacogenomic testing guided treatment have been developed to guide drug selection or conversion in major depressive disorder patients. Apr 11, 2017 · Methods: We performed a systematic review to identify English-language studies published before February 22, 2016, that compared GeneSight-guided care and usual care among people with mood disorders, anxiety, or schizophrenia. Pharmacogenetic testing is available to healthcare professionals to guide drug selection and prevent adverse events. Roche Diagnostics received The evidence basis for assessing the value of PGx testing for managing psychiatric illnesses is determining how interindividual variation affects the clinical validity and clinical utility of the test [7-10]. 17 Subsequently, the investigators compared the cost-effectiveness Sep 8, 2021 · Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing is being increasingly recognized by clinicians as an essential tool to guide medication decisions for treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Future work could address these types of interactions. Specific search criteria are included in the Supplemental Information. The implementation of pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing in psychiatry remains modest, in part due to divergent perceptions of the quality and completeness of the evidence base and diverse perspectives on the clinical utility of PGx testing among psychiatrists and other healthcare providers. Because of this exclusion, we did not include additional articles on the pharmacogenetics of diabetes in this review (11,54–56). Whether patients benefit from pharmacogenetic testing remains unclear. Systematic evaluation of commercial pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatry: a focus on CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 Sep 28, 2010 · In this paper, we have undertaken a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess whether testing for genetic variation in CYP2D6 and other relevant P450 genes in adults prescribed antipsychotics Sep 23, 2022 · The objective of this study was to evaluate the evidence on cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic (PGx)–guided treatment for drugs with Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines. Although, Lithium was first approved, by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the treatment of maniac episodes in 1970 and, four years later, for the maintenance therapy in Bipolar Disorder, Lithium's properties were first observed in 1949 by John Cade, who described its efficacy in treating maniac episodes ( Cade, 2000 ). 2018;268:114–22. Nov 1, 2017 · Collaboration between test manufacturers and end-users is required to narrow the gap between the availability and integration of these pharmacogenetic-based decision-support tools into routine practice. Despite the increased interest in genetics in the public sphere, driven by multiple factors, including Dec 8, 2022 · Breast cancer was declared the most prevalent type of cancer in 2020. Extensive implementation of PGx testing, however, varies by setting and location. Article PubMed Google Scholar May 18, 2023 · Proposed framework for pharmacogenomics (PGx) implementation in practice. However, this test, and others similar to GeneSight are available if paid for by the patient. Objective: Antidepressants are frequently prescribed and are the first-line pharmacological treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Although antidepressants are generally effective and well-tolerated by children, between 31% to 48% will not respond and up to 25% will experience an adverse drug reaction. Pharmacogenetics testing used to optimize treatment may be particularly important in mental health where 20% of the 121 pharmacogenetics markers are recognized by the FDA as informative for clinical practice involving psychiatric drugs 46. 2017;174(5):417-418. Methods A systematic review was performed to identify Jul 25, 2019 · A systematic review of pharmacogenetic testing to guide antipsychotic treatment C. , 2019 ). At the individual level, we found that clinical Jul 14, 2017 · A recent systematic review reported that a limited number of studies have shown promise for the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing . Genetic and related laboratory tests in psychiatry: What mental health practitioners need to know. Dec 19, 2020 · Pharmacogenomics is a study of how the genome background is associated with drug resistance and how therapy strategy can be modified for a certain person to achieve benefit. We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed clinical trials for an association between … Oct 9, 2022 · Zhu et al. Over the next decade, as the period of personalized medicine develops, the barriers and costs of pharmacogenomic testing will continue to fall, and the incorporation of pharmacogenomics data into clinical treatment will likely become more common. May 12, 2023 · The key point of whether patients benefit from pharmacogenetic testing remains unclear. Study selection Primary literature assessing any component of cost within a PGx study Jan 17, 2024 · Pharmacists are expected to play a central role in optimising medicines affected by pharmacogenomics (PGx), which refers to the variable effects that a patient’s genome can have on their response to a medicine [1] . One 9 of the three included economic evaluations reported the lack of conclusion on cost-effectiveness of screening for CYP2D6 in primary care patients using antidepressants. 5%. , 2018). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Jan 31, 2020 · One included systematic review reported the probability of pharmacogenomics testing being cost-effective at the willingness to pay threshold of $50,000 was 94. Psychiatry Res. This was a persistent problem to wider adoption and implementation . Curr Opin Psychiatry 2014; 27:43–51Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar Sep 20, 2019 · As a professional group, pharmacists are willing and eager to use pharmacogenetic information as part of medication management and review for these problematic cases. Personalized medicine is considered the next revolution within pharmaceutical care. note that lack of awareness regarding the evidence needed to establish analytical validity Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing has emerged as a compelling strategy that clinicians can use to inform antidepressant medication selection and dosing, but the clinical efficacy of this strategy has been questioned. 7. So far, it has not been implemented into daily practice in . Pharmacogenetic testing may assist in identifying an individual's risk of developing a mental illness as well as predict an individual's response to treatment. conducted a systematic review of 1779 articles in the literature and published a meta-analysis from 11 included RCTs and a total of 5347 patients. To address current challenges, this systematic review provides an update regarding previously published studies, which assessed the cost-effectiveness of PGx testing for the prescription of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Am J Psychiatry. However, its implementation in the clinical practice of psychiatry Sep 16, 2022 · Pharmacogenomic (PGx) testing has emerged as a compelling strategy that clinicians can use to inform antidepressant medication selection and dosing, but the clinical efficacy of this strategy has been questioned. Nov 15, 2011 · A systematic review of pharmacogenetic testing to guide antipsychotic treatment To date, there is only one FDA-approved pharmacogenetic test for use in psychiatry. Bousman C. Using pharmacogenetics in guiding drug therapy experiences a steady increase in uptake, although still leads to discussions as to its clinical use. 2016;15:19-22. We conducted a literature search on Cochrane Library, Embase and Pubmed, from their inception to 18 June 2020. Yet, psychotropics account for more than one-third of the drugs for which pharmacogenetic guidelines are available and drug therapy in mental disorders is suboptimal with insufficient effectiveness and frequent adverse events. After reviewing these tests, three practical aspects of implementing pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatric clinical practice are briefly reviewed: (1) the evaluation of these tests in clinical practice, (2) cost-effectiveness, and (3) regulatory oversight. A common pharmacogenetics application is related to drug metabolic pathways (how a body breaks down or metabolizes drugs). J Clin Psychiatry. Finally, the future of these and other pharmacogenetic tests in psychiatry is discussed. Overall, despite mixed results and a limited number of robust genetic predictors, CLZ pharmacogenetics continues to hold potential for improving treatment in patients with Aug 7, 2019 · Introduction. 2017;78:720-729. Pharmacogenomics is a rapidly changing area and how it is used for medication selection is likely to change in the Jul 7, 2022 · A systematic review of clinical trials and cost-effectiveness studies. Introduction. performed a systematic review on cost-effectiveness of PGx-guided treatment for cardiovascular disease and identified that two-thirds of studies were cost-effective, but only 2 of the 46 articles evaluated panel testing and only one examined preemptive testing. Nov 1, 2018 · Methods: A systematic review using PubMed and EBSCOhost through April 2017 was performed to identify articles that reported pharmacogenetic testing in adult patients with either bipolar disorder or schizophrenia using the keywords pharmacy, pharmacogenomics, pharmacogenetics, psychiatry, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, mood stabilizer, and Apr 11, 2017 · Comparable Tests . Dec 8, 2018 · Aim: To conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined pharmacogenetic-guided decision support tools (DSTs) relevant to depressive symptom remission in major depressive disorder (MDD). , 2019; Callegari et al. The pharmacogenomics (PGx) testing becomes of great opportunity for physicians to make the proper decision regarding each non-trivial patient that does not respond to therapy. May 17, 2023 · FIGURE 2. Pharmacogenomics has broad applicability across clinical specialties and aspects of human health, as shown in Table 1. 2013b; 73:219–224. 6. Jul 17, 2023 · This approach, termed precision psychiatry, aims at identifying subgroups of patients more prone to the development of a certain phenotype, such as symptoms or severe mental disorders (risk detection), and/or to guide treatment selection. Relevant genes in disease treatment pathways were selected to evaluate treatment response from the pharmacogenetic perspective Nov 23, 2020 · This inconclusive finding is consistent with a recent systematic review on the association between dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms and treatment response to risperidone assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, or CGI in schizophrenia. This review focused on the Ontario context, which at the time of review did not cover pharmacogenomic testing for patients with mood disorders. A systematic review was conducted using multiple biomedical literature databases from inception to June 2021. (2019) suggested a minimum genetic testing panel for use in psychiatry should include 16 allelic variants across five genes (CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, HLA-A, and HLA-B) ( Bousman C. Literature was searched using Embase, MEDLINE and the NHS Economic Evaluation Database with search terms relating to pharmacogenetic testing, adverse drug reactions, economic evaluations Mar 1, 2017 · In January 2017, the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry published a systematic review of the literature on pharmacogenetic testing in patients with major depressive disorder (Rosenblat JD et al, J Clin Psych 2017, published electronically 1/3/17). il or tt my xh vx ir ng uc vs